Psikotropika

Psikotropika

Psikotropika adalah merupakan suatu zat atau obat, baik alamiah maupun sintetis bukan narkotika, yang berkhasiat psikoaktif melalui pengaruh selektif pada susunan saraf pusat yang menyebabkan perubahan khas pada aktivitas mental dan perilaku.

Efek pemakaian psikotropika

Zat atau obat psikotropika ini dapat menurunkan aktivitas otak atau merangsang susunan saraf pusat dan menimbulkan kelainan perilaku, disertai dengan timbulnya halusinasi (mengkhayal), ilusi, gangguan cara berpikir, perubahan alam perasaan dan dapat menyebabkan ketergantungan serta mempunyai efek stimulasi (merangsang) bagi para pemakainya.

Pemakaian Psikotropika yang berlangsung lama tanpa pengawasan dan pembatasan pejabat kesehatan dapat menimbulkan dampak yang lebih buruk, tidak saja menyebabkan ketergantungan bahkan juga menimbulkan berbagai macam penyakit serta kelainan fisik maupun psikis si pemakai, tidak jarang bahkan menimbulkan kematian.

Golongan psikotropika

Psikotropika yang mempunyai potensi mengakibatkan sindroma ketergantungan digolongkan menjadi4 golongan, yaitu:

1.    Psikotropika golongan I : yaitu psikotropika yang tidak digunakan untuk tujuan pengobatan dengan potensi ketergantungan yang sangat kuat

2.    Psikotropika golongan II : yaitu psikotropika yang berkhasiat terapi tetapi dapat menimbulkan ketergantungan.

3.    Psikotropika golongan III : yaitu psikotropika dengan efek ketergantungannya sedang dari kelompok hipnotik sedatif.

4.    Psikotropika golongan IV : yaitu psikotropika yang efek ketergantungannya ringan.

Berdasarkan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa tentang pemberantasan peredaran narkotika dan psikotropika, tahun 1988 tersebut maka psikotropika dapat digolongkan sebagai berikut : (didahului dengan nama International dan nama kimia diletakkan dalam tanda kurung)

Psikotropika golongan I

• Broloamfetamine atau DOB ((±)-4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
• Cathinone ((x)-(S)-2-aminopropiophenone)
• DET (3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]indole)
• DMA ( (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine )
• DMHP ( 3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H- dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-olo )
• DMT ( 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]indole)
• DOET ( (±)-4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-phenethylamine)
• Eticyclidine - PCE ( N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine )
• Etrytamine ( 3-(2-aminobutyl)indole )
• Lysergide - LSD, LSD-25 (9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8beta-carboxamide)
• MDMA ((±)-N,alpha-dimethyl-3,4-(methylene-dioxy)phenethylamine)
• Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
• Methcathinone ( 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one )
• 4-methylaminorex ( (±)-cis-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline )
• MMDA (2-methoxy-alpha-methyl-4,5-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)
• N-ethyl MDA ((±)-N-ethyl-alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)
• N-hydroxy MDA ((±)-N-[alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethyl]hydroxylamine)
• Parahexyl (3-hexyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol)
• PMA (p-methoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
• Psilocine, psilotsin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] indol-4-ol)
• Psilocybine (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate)
• Rolicyclidine - PHP,PCPY ( 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine )
• STP, DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-alpha,4-dimethylphenethylamine)
• Tenamfetamine - MDA (alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)
• Tenocyclidine - TCP (1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine)
• Tetrahydrocannabinol
• TMA ((±)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)

Psikotropika golongan II

• Amphetamine ((±)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
• Dexamphetamine ((+)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
• Fenetylline (7-[2-[(alpha-methylphenethyl)amino] ethyl]theophylline)
• Levamphetamine ((x)-(R)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
• Levomethampheta-mine ((x)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)
• Mecloqualone (3-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-4(3H)- quinazolinone)
• Methamphetamine ((+)-(S)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)
• Methamphetamineracemate ((±)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)
• Methaqualone (2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone)
• Methylphenidate (Methyl alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate)
• Phencyclidine - PCP (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine)
• Phenmetrazine (3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine)
• Secobarbital (5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid)
• Dronabinol atau delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol ((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H- dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol)
• Zipeprol (alpha-(alpha-methoxybenzyl)-4-(beta-methoxyphenethyl)-1-piperazineethanol)

Psikotropika golongan III

• Amobarbital (5-ethyl-5-isopentylbarbituric acid)
• Buprenorphine (2l-cyclopropyl-7-alpha-[(S)-1-hydroxy-1,2,2-trimethylpropyl]-6,14- endo-ethano-6,7,8,14-tetrahydrooripavine)
• Butalbital (5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid)
• Cathine / norpseudo-ephedrine ((+)-(R)-alpha-[(R)-1-aminoethyl]benzyl alcohol)
• Cyclobarbital (5-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid)
• Flunitrazepam (5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
• Glutethimide (2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide)
• Pentazocine ((2R*,6R*,11R*)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-6,11-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-ol)
• Pentobarbital (5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid)

Psikotropika golongan IV

• Allobarbital (5,5-diallylbarbituric acid)
• Alprazolam (8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine)
• Amfepramone (diethylpropion 2-(diethylamino)propiophenone)
• Aminorex (2-amino-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline)
• Barbital (5,5-diethylbarbituric acid)
• Benzfetamine (N-benzyl-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)
• Bromazepam (7-bromo-1,3-dihydro-5-(2-pyridyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
• Butobarbital (5-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid)
• Brotizolam (2-bromo-4-(o-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f]-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine)
• Camazepam (7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4 benzodiazepin-2-one dimethylcarbamate (ester))
• Chlordiazepoxide (7-chloro-2-(methylamino)-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide)
• Clobazam (7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione)
• Clonazepam (5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
• Clorazepate (7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid)
• Clotiazepam (5-(o-chlorophenyl)-7-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-thieno [2,3-e] -1,4-diazepin-2-one)
• Cloxazolam (10-chloro-11b-(o-chlorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydro-oxazolo- [3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one)
• Delorazepam (7-chloro-5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
• Diazepam (7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
• Estazolam (8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine)
• Ethchlorvynol (1-chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol)
• Ethinamate (1-ethynylcyclohexanolcarbamate)
• Ethyl loflazepate (ethyl 7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate)
• Etil Amfetamine / N-ethylampetamine (N-ethyl-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
• Fencamfamin (N-ethyl-3-phenyl-2-norborananamine)
• Fenproporex ((±)-3-[(alpha-methylphenylethyl)amino]propionitrile)
• Fludiazepam (7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
• Flurazepam (7-chloro-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
• Halazepam (7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
• Haloxazolam (10-bromo-11b-(o-fluorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydrooxazolo [3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one)
• Ketazolam (11-chloro-8,12b-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-12b-phenyl-4H-[1,3]oxazino[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepine-4,7(6H)-dione)
• Lefetamine - SPA ((x)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine)