Psikotropika
Psikotropika adalah merupakan
suatu zat atau obat,
baik alamiah maupun sintetis bukan narkotika, yang berkhasiat psikoaktif melalui pengaruh
selektif pada susunan saraf
pusat yang menyebabkan perubahan khas pada aktivitas mental dan perilaku.
Efek
pemakaian psikotropika
Zat atau obat psikotropika ini dapat menurunkan aktivitas otak atau merangsang
susunan saraf
pusat dan menimbulkan kelainan perilaku, disertai dengan timbulnya halusinasi
(mengkhayal), ilusi,
gangguan cara berpikir, perubahan alam perasaan dan dapat menyebabkan
ketergantungan serta mempunyai efek stimulasi (merangsang)
bagi para pemakainya.
Pemakaian Psikotropika yang berlangsung lama tanpa
pengawasan dan pembatasan pejabat kesehatan dapat menimbulkan dampak yang lebih
buruk, tidak saja menyebabkan ketergantungan bahkan juga menimbulkan berbagai
macam penyakit serta kelainan fisik maupun psikis si pemakai, tidak jarang
bahkan menimbulkan kematian.
Golongan
psikotropika
Psikotropika yang mempunyai potensi mengakibatkan sindroma
ketergantungan digolongkan
menjadi4 golongan, yaitu:
1.
Psikotropika golongan I : yaitu psikotropika yang tidak
digunakan untuk tujuan pengobatan dengan potensi ketergantungan yang sangat
kuat
2.
Psikotropika golongan II : yaitu psikotropika yang
berkhasiat terapi tetapi dapat menimbulkan ketergantungan.
3.
Psikotropika golongan III : yaitu psikotropika dengan
efek ketergantungannya sedang dari kelompok hipnotik sedatif.
4.
Psikotropika golongan IV : yaitu psikotropika yang efek
ketergantungannya ringan.
Berdasarkan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa tentang
pemberantasan peredaran narkotika dan psikotropika, tahun 1988 tersebut maka
psikotropika dapat digolongkan sebagai berikut : (didahului dengan nama
International dan nama kimia diletakkan dalam tanda kurung)
Psikotropika
golongan I
- Broloamfetamine
atau DOB ((±)-4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
- Cathinone
((x)-(S)-2-aminopropiophenone)
- DET
(3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]indole)
- DMA
( (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine )
- DMHP
( 3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-
dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-olo )
- DMT
( 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]indole)
- DOET
( (±)-4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-phenethylamine)
- Eticyclidine
- PCE ( N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine )
- Etrytamine
( 3-(2-aminobutyl)indole )
- Lysergide
- LSD, LSD-25
(9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8beta-carboxamide)
- MDMA ((±)-N,alpha-dimethyl-3,4-(methylene-dioxy)phenethylamine)
- Mescaline
(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
- Methcathinone
( 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one )
- 4-methylaminorex
( (±)-cis-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline )
- MMDA
(2-methoxy-alpha-methyl-4,5-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)
- N-ethyl
MDA ((±)-N-ethyl-alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)
- N-hydroxy
MDA ((±)-N-[alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethyl]hydroxylamine)
- Parahexyl
(3-hexyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol)
- PMA
(p-methoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
- Psilocine,
psilotsin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] indol-4-ol)
- Psilocybine
(3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate)
- Rolicyclidine
- PHP,PCPY ( 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine )
- STP,
DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-alpha,4-dimethylphenethylamine)
- Tenamfetamine
- MDA (alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)
- Tenocyclidine
- TCP (1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine)
- Tetrahydrocannabinol
- TMA
((±)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
Psikotropika
golongan II
- Amphetamine
((±)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
- Dexamphetamine
((+)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
- Fenetylline
(7-[2-[(alpha-methylphenethyl)amino] ethyl]theophylline)
- Levamphetamine
((x)-(R)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
- Levomethampheta-mine
((x)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)
- Mecloqualone
(3-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-4(3H)- quinazolinone)
- Methamphetamine
((+)-(S)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)
- Methamphetamineracemate
((±)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)
- Methaqualone
(2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone)
- Methylphenidate
(Methyl alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate)
- Phencyclidine
- PCP (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine)
- Phenmetrazine
(3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine)
- Secobarbital
(5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid)
- Dronabinol
atau delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol
((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-
dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol)
- Zipeprol
(alpha-(alpha-methoxybenzyl)-4-(beta-methoxyphenethyl)-1-piperazineethanol)
Psikotropika
golongan III
- Amobarbital
(5-ethyl-5-isopentylbarbituric acid)
- Buprenorphine
(2l-cyclopropyl-7-alpha-[(S)-1-hydroxy-1,2,2-trimethylpropyl]-6,14-
endo-ethano-6,7,8,14-tetrahydrooripavine)
- Butalbital
(5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid)
- Cathine
/ norpseudo-ephedrine ((+)-(R)-alpha-[(R)-1-aminoethyl]benzyl alcohol)
- Cyclobarbital
(5-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid)
- Flunitrazepam
(5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
- Glutethimide
(2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide)
- Pentazocine
((2R*,6R*,11R*)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-6,11-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-ol)
- Pentobarbital
(5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid)
Psikotropika
golongan IV
- Allobarbital
(5,5-diallylbarbituric acid)
- Alprazolam
(8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine)
- Amfepramone
(diethylpropion 2-(diethylamino)propiophenone)
- Aminorex
(2-amino-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline)
- Barbital
(5,5-diethylbarbituric acid)
- Benzfetamine
(N-benzyl-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)
- Bromazepam
(7-bromo-1,3-dihydro-5-(2-pyridyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
- Butobarbital
(5-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid)
- Brotizolam
(2-bromo-4-(o-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f]-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine)
- Camazepam
(7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4
benzodiazepin-2-one dimethylcarbamate (ester))
- Chlordiazepoxide
(7-chloro-2-(methylamino)-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide)
- Clobazam
(7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione)
- Clonazepam
(5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
- Clorazepate
(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic
acid)
- Clotiazepam
(5-(o-chlorophenyl)-7-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-thieno [2,3-e]
-1,4-diazepin-2-one)
- Cloxazolam
(10-chloro-11b-(o-chlorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydro-oxazolo-
[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one)
- Delorazepam
(7-chloro-5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
- Diazepam
(7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
- Estazolam
(8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine)
- Ethchlorvynol
(1-chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol)
- Ethinamate
(1-ethynylcyclohexanolcarbamate)
- Ethyl
loflazepate (ethyl
7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate)
- Etil
Amfetamine / N-ethylampetamine (N-ethyl-alpha-methylphenethylamine)
- Fencamfamin
(N-ethyl-3-phenyl-2-norborananamine)
- Fenproporex
((±)-3-[(alpha-methylphenylethyl)amino]propionitrile)
- Fludiazepam
(7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
- Flurazepam
(7-chloro-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
- Halazepam
(7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
- Haloxazolam
(10-bromo-11b-(o-fluorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydrooxazolo
[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one)
- Ketazolam
(11-chloro-8,12b-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-12b-phenyl-4H-[1,3]oxazino[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepine-4,7(6H)-dione)
- Lefetamine
- SPA ((x)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine)
